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DNA Repair, Chromosomes, and Gene Expression - MCAT Practice
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DNA Repair, Chromosomes, and Gene Expression - MCAT Practice Questions
Which genes develop from mutations of proto-oncogenes and promote cell
cycling, potentially leading to cancer? Oncogenes
Proteins coded for by tumor suppressor genes function primarily to: Reduce cell cycling or promote DNA repair
The enzyme that proofreads its work and excises incorrectly matched bases
during DNA replication is: DNA Polymerase
Mismatch repair of DNA primarily occurs during which phase of the cell
cycle? G2 phase
What repair mechanism is used to fix helix-deforming lesions of DNA, such as
Thymine dimers? Nucleotide excision repair
Which DNA repair mechanism fixes nondeforming lesions (like cytosine
deamination) by removing the base and leaving an AP site? Base excision repair
How many total chromosomes do humans possess? 46
The substance that packages DNA into a smaller volume to fit within the cell
is called: Chromatin
Which form of chromatin is described as being dark, dense, and
transcriptionally silent? Heterochromatin
What is the name of the segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight
histone protein cores? Nucleosome
The structures located at the ends of chromosomes, containing high
GC-content to prevent unraveling of the DNA, are the: Telomeres
Structures that hold sister chromatids together until they are separated
during anaphase in mitosis are located in the middle of chromosomes and are
called: Centromeres
A chromosome in which the centromere is located near one end of the
chromosome, and not centrally, is known as a(n): Acrocentric chromosome
Prokaryotes typically have how many origin(s) of replication? 1
DNA composed of nucleotides from two different sources, created only in
labs, is known as: Recombinant DNA
The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed to
RNA, which is then translated to: Protein
The genetic code is considered degenerate because: Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
What is the Initiation (Start) Codon for translation? AUG
The AUG start codon codes for which amino acid? Methionine
Which base in a codon can "wobble" (break standard Watson-Crick rules) but
still often codes for the intended protein? 3rd base
What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and recognizes the codon
on the mRNA using its own anticodon? tRNA
The RNA that makes up the ribosome and is enzymatically active is: rRNA
A silent mutation is a type of point mutation that is characterized by: Having no effect on protein synthesis
Which type of point mutation produces a premature stop codon, often leading
to a truncated (shortened) protein? Nonsense mutation
A mutation resulting from a nucleotide addition or deletion that changes the
reading frame of subsequent codons is specifically known as a(n): Frameshift mutation