Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are polymers made up of what
monomers? Nucleotides
A molecule consisting of a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base, but
lacking a phosphate group, is called a: Nucleoside
What component of the DNA structure is responsible for giving the molecule a
negative charge? The phosphate backbone
According to the Watson-Crick model, the two strands of the DNA double helix
run in which orientation relative to each other? Antiparallel
What is the specific type of bond that holds the sugar and phosphate groups
together to form the backbone of a DNA strand? Phosphodiester bonds
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but is substituted by Thymine in
DNA? Uracil
Which bases are classified as Purines and are structurally characterized by
having two rings? Adenine and Guanine
Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) base pairs are held together by how many
hydrogen bonds? 2
Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) base pairs are held together by how many
hydrogen bonds? 3
Chargaff's rules state that in DNA, the total number of Purines must equal
the total number of: Pyrimidines
The uniform diameter of the DNA double helix is cited as approximately: 20 angstroms
The Primary structure of nucleic acids is defined as the: Linear sequence of nucleotides
The Secondary structure of RNA is made up of interactions between bases
within the same molecule and is responsible for its shape, featuring
elements like: Loops, helices, bulges, and junctions
The Quaternary structure of nucleic acids involves their interactions with
other molecules, such as chromatin interacting with: Histones
DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle? S (Synthesis) phase
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix, relieving
the torsional strain ahead of the replication fork? Topoisomerase
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the
nitrogenous bases to separate the two DNA strands? Helicase
What molecules bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent the separate strands
from immediately reannealing back into double-stranded DNA? Single strand binding protein
Which enzyme is critical because it catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA
primer, which provides the starting point for DNA synthesis? DNA Primase
What are the short RNA nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the
ssDNA and must be synthesized before DNA replication can begin? RNA primers
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand and also
functions to remove the RNA primer is: DNA Polymerase
Okazaki fragments are the short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed
specifically on which DNA strand during replication? The lagging template strand
Which enzyme joins DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of
phosphodiester bonds, particularly connecting Okazaki fragments? DNA Ligase
DNA replication is the process of producing an identical replica of a DNA
molecule, which is defined as: DNA replication
The overall goal of DNA replication is for the DNA strands to be used as a
template for the synthesis of new, complementary strands, leading to two
complete DNA molecules. This is what type of replication? Semiconservative