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Translation
Initiation: ribosome assembles around the
mRNA to be translated.
Elongation: tRNA molecules bring
amino acids
to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain.
Termination: The ribosome reaches a stop codon, and the completed
polypeptide is released.
The ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three nucleotides called
codons, each coding for a specific amino
acid. The process involves:
-
The ribosome has three sites: A (aminoacyl),
P (peptidyl), and
E (exit).
-
tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching
their anticodon with the mRNA codon.
-
rRNA in the ribosome catalyzes the formation of
peptide bonds between adjacent
amino acids, elongating the polypeptide chain.
-
Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids, elongating the
polypeptide chain.
Dive deeper: Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where
ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and synthesize proteins. The process is
initiated by the small ribosomal subunit binding to the mRNA, followed by
the large subunit joining to form a complete ribosome.The ribosome moves
along the mRNA, reading codons and facilitating tRNA binding to ensure
accurate translation of the genetic code into functional proteins.
Translation elongation begins at the A site, where a new tRNA molecule
carrying an amino acid binds to the codon. The ribosome then shifts to the
P site, where the growing polypeptide chain is held, and finally moves to
the E site, where the empty tRNA exits. This cycle continues until a stop
codon is reached, signaling termination of translation at the A site.
Practice Questions
Which of the following accurately describes the function of molecules in translation? Type the letter of the answer: C
a. mRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome
b. tRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome
c. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome
d. rRNA catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
Which molecule makes it possible to directly assign codons to specific amino acids? Type the letter of the answer: B
a. mRNA
b. tRNA
c. rRNA
d. Ribosome
Which of the following is NOT a component of the ribosome? Type the letter of the answer: D
a. mRNA
b. tRNA
c. rRNA
d. DNA