A child stops flinching at a sudden, loud clock chime after hearing it
repeatedly. This reduction in response is an example of: Habituation
A habituated response suddenly reappears when a completely new, loud sound
is introduced. This temporary recovery is known as: Dishabituation
The theory stating that ideas are linked to one another and reinforce each
other is the: Associative learning theory
Training a dog to sit by giving it a treat every time it successfully
performs the command is an example of: Operant conditioning
Which consequence is used to increase the likelihood of a behavior? Reinforcement
Giving a speeding ticket to a driver is an attempt to decrease the
likelihood of future speeding, which is an example of: Punishment
Taking away a child's electronic tablet after a poor grade is an example of
a negative response because it: Removes a stimulus
In operant conditioning, reinforcing behaviors that get progressively closer
to the desired complex behavior is called: Shaping
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus eventually transforms into
the: Conditioned stimulus
The acquisition of a new skill or behavior by watching and imitating another
person is called: Observational learning
The process of putting new information into memory is known as: Encoding
Encoding the meaning of the word "ephemeral" as "lasting for a very short
time" rather than just its sound is an example of: Semantic encoding
Which two types of memory are described as transient and based on
neurotransmitter activity? Sensory memory and Short-term memory
The memory system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for
processing, requiring attention and executive function, is: Working memory
Memory for facts, data, and events that requires conscious effort to recall
is categorized as: Explicit (declarative) memory
Remembering how to ride a bicycle without consciously thinking about the
steps is an example of: Implicit memory
The memory phenomenon where new information prevents the retrieval of old
information is: Retroactive interference
A degenerative brain disorder linked to the loss of acetylcholine in neurons
connected to the hippocampus is: Alzheimer's disease
The cognitive disorder defined as the loss of ability to recognize objects,
people, or sounds is: Agnosia
The cognitive model that describes the brain's functions of encoding,
storing, and retrieving information similar to a computer is: The Information Processing Model
A child is learning language and developing object permanence (the idea that
things exist even when out of sight). According to Piaget, this child is in
the: Sensorimotor stage
A scientist starts with existing physical evidence (e.g., fossil records)
and then forms a general conclusion about evolution. This uses: Inductive reasoning
The problem-solving barrier created by the tendency to only use an object in
its traditional or intended way is known as: Functional fixedness
Making a decision by relying on examples that most immediately and readily
come to mind is an example of the: Availability heuristic
The theory that views intelligence as being composed of several distinct
modalities (e.g., bodily-kinesthetic, musical) rather than a single general
ability is: Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences