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Comprehensive MCAT Checklist - Carbohydrates

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1. Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

A. glucose
B. fructose
C. sucrose
D. galactose

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2. Which functional groups are present in all monosaccharides?

A. hydroxyl and carboxyl
B. hydroxyl and carbonyl
C. carboxyl and amino
D. amino and hydroxyl

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3. Which of the following sugars are classified to have an aldehyde group?

A. glucose and galactose
B. glucose and fructose
C. fructose and galactose
D. fructose only

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4. Which of the following sugars are ketoses?

A. glucose and galactose
B. glucose and fructose
C. fructose only
D. galactose and fructose

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5. Which carbon in a sugar is the anomeric carbon?

A. the carbon bonded to the most hydroxyl groups
B. the carbon bonded to the most hydrogens
C. the carbon bonded to the most carbons
D. the carbonyl carbon

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6. In the Haworth projection of a sugar, if the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is pointing down, the sugar is in the

A. alpha
B. beta
C. D
D. L

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7. Which carbon determines a carbohydrates' D or L configuration?

A. the anomeric carbon
B. the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon
C. the carbonyl carbon
D. the chiral carbon closest to the carbonyl carbon

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8. Which best describes carbohydrates that are anomers?

A. differ at the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon
B. differ at the carbonyl carbon
C. differ at the anomeric carbon
D. differ at every chiral carbon

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9. question9

The molecule shown in the image is a

A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. oligosaccharide
D. polysaccharide

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10. The diagram depicts what kind of a glycosidic bond?

A. beta-1,4-glycosidic bond
B. alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond
C. beta-1,6-glycosidic bond
D. alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond

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11. On a haworth projection, which way does the C5 (CH₂OH) carbon point in a D sugar?

A. up
B. down
C. left
D. right

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12. Which of the following is NOT a common disaccharide?

A. sucrose
B. lactose
C. maltose
D. ribose

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13. Which of the following polysaccharides is used for energy storage in plants?

A. starch
B. cellulose
C. chitin
D. glycogen

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14. Which of the following polysaccharides is used for energy storage in animals?

A. starch
B. cellulose
C. chitin
D. glycogen

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15. Which of the following polysaccharides is a structural component in plant cell walls?

A. starch
B. cellulose
C. chitin
D. glycogen

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16. Which of the following polysaccharides is a structural component in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons?

A. starch
B. cellulose
C. chitin
D. glycogen

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17. Humans lack the enzyme to digest which of the following polysaccharides?

A. starch
B. cellulose
C. glycogen
D. maltose

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18. Epimers differ at

A. one chiral carbon
B. the anomeric carbon
C. the carbonyl carbon
D. every chiral carbon

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19. Which of the following are epimers of glucose?

A. galactose and mannose
B. fructose and galactose
C. fructose and mannose
D. galactose only

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20. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined by which type of reaction?

A. hydrolysis
B. dehydration
C. oxidation
D. reduction

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21. Which of the following is true regarding hydrolysis of different glycosidic bonds?

A. beta glycosidic bonds can be hydrolyzed by amylase, alpha glycosidic bonds cannot be hydrolyzed
B. alpha glycosidic bonds can be hydrolyzed by amylase, beta glycosidic bonds cannot be hydrolyzed
C. different linkages require different enzymes for hydrolysis
D. both B and C are correct
E. both A and C are correct

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22. Which of the following is true regarding keto-enol tautomerization of sugars?

A. It is the reason sugars can convert from one sugar to another
B. It is the reason sugars can form glycosidic bonds
C. It is the reason sugars can be classified as D or L
D. It is the reason sugars can be classified as alpha or beta

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23. Hemiacetal rings form when a nucleophile attacks which functional group in a sugar?

A. the hydroxyl group
B. the carboxyl group
C. the carbonyl carbon
D. the amino group

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24. What is the primary difference between starch and cellulose that makes starch digestible by humans and cellulose indigestible?

A. the monosaccharide composition
B. the type of glycosidic bond
C. the presence of branching
D. the length of the polysaccharide chain

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25. Why is glycogen considered a more efficient energy storage molecule than starch?

A. it is more highly branched
B. it is less highly branched
C. it contains different monosaccharides
D. it contains different glycosidic bonds

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26. Which two enzymes cleave polysaccharides into monosaccharides in the human digestive system?

A. lactase and sucrase
B. amylase and maltase
C. lipase and amylase
D. protease and lipase

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27. Which best describes benedict's reagent?

A. a test that reacts to reducing sugars
B. a test that reacts to non-reducing sugars
C. a test for polysaccharides
D. a test for glycosidic bonds

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28. Which of the following sugars cannot be reduced by Benedict's reagent?

A. glucose - because it has a free aldehyde group
B. fructose - because it has a free ketone group
C. sucrose - because it lacks a free aldehyde or ketone group
D. galactose - because it has a free aldehyde group