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Endocrine System - Major Hormones - MCAT Practice Questions

Which class of hormones is derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan?
Amine hormones






Hormones derived from cholesterol and characterized by being lipid-soluble are:
Steroid hormones






Insulin and glucagon are examples of which class of hormones, generally characterized by water solubility and binding to membrane receptors?
Peptide hormones






Which type of hormone is generally stored in vesicles and released via exocytosis, given its water-soluble nature?
Peptide hormones






A hormone that binds to a membrane receptor and utilizes cAMP as a second messenger is most likely a:
Peptide hormone






G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are characterized by possessing how many membrane-spanning domains?
Seven






The "G" in G-protein refers to the protein's ability to bind which molecules?
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)






In the GPCR signaling cascade, what substance is produced when adenylyl cyclase removes two phosphates from ATP?
cAMP






The enzyme responsible for terminating cAMP signaling by breaking its ring structure to form AMP is:
Phosphodiesterase






Which of the following is NOT considered a common second messenger in cellular signaling?
ATP






Which type of hormone action involves the hormone acting directly on its target tissue or organ to cause a biological effect?
Direct






Hormones like GnRH and LH act on other endocrine glands, inducing them to secrete additional hormones. They are classified as:
Tropic hormones






Which brain structure is primarily in charge of maintaining homeostasis and is the main regulator of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus






The hypothalamus releases its regulating hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to directly control the hormone secretion of the:
Anterior pituitary






The hormone responsible for stimulating the anterior pituitary to release TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) is:
TRH






What is the primary function of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
To stimulate ACTH release






The hormone Dopamine acts as Prolactin-release inhibiting factor to:
Inhibit prolactin release from the anterior pituitary






Which of the following hormones is produced in the hypothalamus but released from the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin






Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to promote increased water retention, resulting in:
Decreased urine volume and decreased plasma osmolarity






The anterior pituitary releases hormones that regulate all of the following processes EXCEPT:
Water balance (ADH)






A patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus has a chronic condition primarily characterized by:
Inadequate or absent insulin production by the pancreas






Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by:
Desensitized insulin receptors (insulin resistance)






Insulin, a peptide hormone, primarily functions to:
Decrease blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake by cells






Adrenergic receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors targeted by which group of hormones, often involved in the fight-or-flight response?
Catecholamines






What is the effect of Oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary?
Stimulation of uterine contractions and breast milk letdown (ejection)